{"id":305,"date":"2019-05-08T04:57:33","date_gmt":"2019-05-08T04:57:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/community.scrippscollege.edu\/scrippsjournal\/?p=305"},"modified":"2021-04-04T12:58:09","modified_gmt":"2021-04-04T12:58:09","slug":"through-the-looking-glass-donald-trump-heteronormativity-and-homosociality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/community.scrippscollege.edu\/scrippsjournal\/through-the-looking-glass-donald-trump-heteronormativity-and-homosociality\/","title":{"rendered":"Through the Looking Glass: Donald Trump, Heteronormativity and Homosociality by Jessica Mei"},"content":{"rendered":"

Congratulations to Jessica Mei for winning the Sands Essay Award in the Scripps College Journal 2019 Writing & Art Contest!\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/strong>~<\/p>\n

What happens when Donald Trump is examined without heteronormative assumptions? One would assume that Trump, due to his hyper-hetero-masculine rhetoric and actions, would be the pinnacle of heteronormativity; however, many things he says and does deviate from the set archetype. While the media characterize those deviations as examples of Trump being a homosexual, I find that characterization troubling not only because of how it devalues queerness, but it also is just not accurate; instead, I believe that those deviations mark Trump as being homosocial, which is a more accurate and less problematic descriptor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences <\/span><\/i>defines heteronormativity as the \u201cpervasive and invisible norms of heterosexuality (sexual desire exclusively for the opposite sex) embedded as a normative principle in social institutions and theory; those who fall outside this standard are devalued\u201d (\u201cHeteronormativity\u201d 470). Trump appears to perpetuate heteronormativity through his actions and rhetoric. He previously owned Miss USA, Miss Teen USA, and Miss Universe, events which graded young women on how well they perform cis-heteronormative gender roles (Bachrach). He has five children from three wives, with two of those wives being former mistresses (Sinclair). He openly boasted on live television about the size of his hands and penis in a 2016 Republican primary debate (Kreig). He released records of his high levels of testosterone on <\/span>The Dr. Oz Show <\/span><\/i>while not releasing his tax returns (de Moraes). He bragged that he was able to \u201cjust start kissing [beautiful women]. It’s like a magnet. Just kiss. I don’t even wait. And when you’re a star they let you do it. You can do anything … Grab them by the pussy. You can do anything” (\u201cTranscript\u201d). These are all examples of how Trump\u2019s performance of gender meets all of society\u2019s assumptions of hyper-heteronormative- masculinity. One would assume that he therefore could not be queer in any way.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Trump also used heteronormative language while campaigning in order to justify his anti- migrant policies and mobilize his base against migrant communities. After he first rode down the escalator of Trump Tower on June 16, 2015, Trump began his campaign by saying Mexican migrants were \u201cbringing drugs. They\u2019re bringing crime. They\u2019re rapists. And some, I assume, are good people\u201d (Reilly). This quote, along with him later calling the migrants \u201cbad hombres,\u201d portrayed immigrants as \u201ca sensational and sexualized threat against a vulnerable nation\u201d by characterizing Mexican migrants as men coming to rape and murder the feminine United States (\u201cBad Hombres?\u201d; Lechuga 327). In his acceptance speech at the 2016 Republican National Convention, he continued to feminize the nation by invoking the death of \u201cKate Steinle, a young White woman who was shot by Juan Francisco Lopez-Sanchez, an unauthorized migrant from Mexico,\u201d and the effect it had on her children (Lechuga 327). He made Steinle and her family the symbol of immigrant violence, thereby centering the discussion around the heteronormative family unit and centering himself as the masculine savior figure.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Due to his heteronormative language, Trump became the exemplary hetero-masculine figure and a signifier for masculinity for his base. They supported him due to the promise to \u201cmake men \u2018great again\u2019 too, both fist-pounding, gun-toting guy-guys and high-flying entrepreneurs. To white, native-born, heterosexual men he offered a solution to the dilemma they had long faced as the \u2018left-behinds\u2019 of the 1960s and 1970s celebration of other identities\u201d (Pascoe 125). As the global economy and politics changed over the past decades, those changes have led to the decline of the presence of masculinity. Trump\u2019s \u201cGreat America\u201d harkens back to an overwhelmingly white, heteronormative, and masculine America; therefore, to not support Trump is akin to not supporting masculinity. His supporters made memes \u201cimplying that those who don\u2019t vote for Trump are \u2018sissies,\u2019 \u2018fags,\u2019 or \u2018without balls\u2019\u201d (Smirnova). The corollary of this was that by supporting Trump, they also served to reaffirm their own masculinity and reassure themselves of their own manliness.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

After his supporters voted him to power, Trump transformed his use of heteronormative language into policies that sought to erase and devalue queer people. As soon as Trump was sworn, his administration deleted former Secretary of State\u2019s formal apology for the \u201cLavender Scare\u201d in the 1950s and 60s from the Department of State website (O\u2019hara). His administration then went on to remove questions about sexual orientation and gender identity from the 2020 census, not recognize Pride Month, and push to replace the idea of gender identity with the more biologically essentialist definition of \u201csex\u201d at the United Nations (Borger; Gardner; Lopez).<\/span>
\n<\/span>These actions erased the existence of the queer community in the eyes of the government. He<\/span>
\n<\/span>also appointed many anti-LGBTQIA+ candidates to high-ranking positions, such as Vice President Mike Pence, former Attorney General Jeff Sessions, Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson, Justice Neil Gorsuch, Justice Brett Kavanaugh, Director Roger Severino, James Renne, and Carl Higbie (\u201cDonald\u201d; \u201cTimeline\u201d). Transgender people specifically have faced hostility and overt discrimination under his administration, as exemplified by his proposed reinstatement on the ban preventing transgender people from serving in the US military, his administration\u2019s reversal of Obama-era Title IX protections for transgender students, and his administration\u2019s support of \u201cbathroom bills\u201d that seek to limit gender-neutral bathrooms (\u201cTimeline\u201d).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

However, despite how his supporters put him on a pedestal for his aggressively heteronormative language and actions, behind closed doors, Trump deviates from invulnerable hyper-heteronormative-masculinity. From the alleged incident in the Moscow Ritz-Carlton Hotel where he hired two prostitutes to urinate on the bed where former President Obama had stayed to his alleged adulterous relationship with Stormy Daniels where she spanked him with a <\/span>Forbes <\/span><\/i>magazine featuring his family on the cover, Trump has diverged from normative sexuality (Aggeler; Friedman). If even Trump cannot fit the strict heteronormative criteria, it seems like a fallacy to believe that anyone would be able to do so, yet society continues to perpetuate the idea; thus, by removing heteronormative assumptions and viewing Trump\u2019s rhetoric and actions through a homosocial lens, it reveals how both Trump and society construct and perform gendered relationships, dominance, sexual behavior, and masculinity.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

His deviant attitude extends past sexual acts to how he talks about President Vladimir Putin of Russia. Starting June 18, 2013, long before his campaign began, he asked Twitter if \u201cPutin will be going to The Miss Universe Pageant in November in Moscow – if so, will he become my new best friend?\u201d (@realDonaldTrump, \u201cMiss Universe\u201d). Before he took office, Trump repeatedly praised Putin, saying things in 2014 such as, \u201cWhen I went to Russia with the Miss Universe pageant, he contacted me and was so nice,\u201d and \u201che\u2019s done an amazing job of taking the mantle. … And so smart. … And he really goes step by step by step, and you have to give him a lot of credit\u201d (Kaczynski <\/span>et al<\/span>.<\/span><\/i>). It would be expected that two such hetero- masculine figures from two opposing countries would butt heads; instead, Trump\u2019s admiration of Putin goes beyond just having similar ideologies.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

While Trump praised Putin in 2014, at the same time he was critical of Obama\u2019s handling of Putin, so one would assume that a hyper-hetero-masculine figure like him would aggressively oppose Putin instead of capitulating to him in any way. When Obama was in office, Trump said and tweeted things such as \u201cPutin has eaten Obama’s lunch, therefore our lunch, for a long period of time,\u201d \u201cI believe Putin will continue to rebuild the Russian Empire. He has zero respect for Obama or the U.S.!\u201d, \u201cPutin is having a great time toying with the President,\u201d and \u201cPutin has shown the world what happens when America has weak leaders. Peace Through Strength!\u201d (@realDonaldTrump, \u201cRussian Empire\u201d; @realDonaldTrump, \u201cweak leaders\u201d; Trump, \u201clunch\u201d; Trump, \u201cBundy\u201d). These statements emphasize that Putin was disrespecting and taking advantage of not only Obama but also America as a whole, continuing his metaphor of the feminized, vulnerable nation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

While Trump praised Putin in 2014, at the same time he was critical of Obama\u2019s handling of Putin, so one would assume that a hyper-hetero-masculine figure like him would aggressively oppose Putin instead of capitulating to him in any way.\u00a0 When he met with Putin in Helsinki last year, Trump, who is known for his bluster and aggressive handshakes when it comes to meeting other foreign leaders, instead opted to side with Putin over American intelligence agencies on whether Russia hacked the 2016 Presidential election, saying \u201cPresident Putin says it’s not Russia. I will say this, I don\u2019t see any reason why it would be, but I really want to see the server but, I have confidence in both parties.\u201d (qtd. in Holpuch and Weaver). This statement deviates from heteronormative assumptions of masculinity, because Trump opted not to take a more aggressive approach, and since he failed to meet the set norms of heterosexual masculinity, the media marginalized him for it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The media often criticize Trump\u2019s submissiveness and lack of masculinity in relation to Putin by depicting Trump and Putin as gay lovers. The Helsinki meeting between Trump and Putin led to the <\/span>New York Time<\/span><\/i>s\u2019 publishing a cartoon titled \u201cTrump and Putin: A Love Story.\u201d The description of the video states that: \u201cIn this episode of Trump Bites, Donald Trump\u2019s not-so- secret admiration for Vladimir Putin plays out in a teenager\u2019s bedroom, where the fantasies of this forbidden romance come to life\u201d (Plympton). It depicted \u201cthe shirtless men [kissing] passionately, [riding] unicorns through fields of rainbows and [daydreaming] about one another over pink and purple landscapes,\u201d but the media\u2019s attack on Trump\u2019s masculinity by representing him as a gay man did not just stop at the Helsinki summit (Loken).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

After Trump initially canceled his summit with North Korea\u2019s Kim Jong Un, The Washington Post\u2019s David Ignatius called Trump\u2019s cancellation notice a \u201cbreakup letter\u201d and concluded that he \u201cwrites in the tone of a wounded suitor.\u201d After the summit, the Boston Globe printed a cartoon that featured Trump and Kim sharing a milkshake and writing love letters against a backdrop of hearts, a unicorn and a rainbow. The cartoon asks, \u201cWill it be true love or just a … \u2018Singapore fling?\u2019\u201d (Loken)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In an opening monologue for <\/span>The Late Show with Stephen Colbert<\/span><\/i>, Colbert disparaged Trump using emasculating language by calling him \u201cVladimir Putin\u2019s cock holster,\u201d for which he has since half-heartily apologized (Colbert; Sims). On <\/span>Saturday Night Live<\/span><\/i>, however, Alec Baldwin and Beck Bennett continue to portray Trump and Putin\u2019s romantic relationship (Fallon). While the media attempt to ridicule Trump through this rhetoric by preying on his homophobia and using it against him, the rhetoric they use is harmful because it entrenches heteronormative ideas in American society. These supposedly liberal media sources\u2019 use of homosexual relationships as a metaphor for political submission and weakness serves to reify heteronormative assumptions. Trump, by deviating from normative gender roles, therefore must also be submitting himself to Putin in a homosexual relationship, a crime that makes him inferior or less than. Equating homosexuality with something undesirable or something to be ashamed of is an incredibly homophobic concept in and of itself, but since the media also equate homosexuality with effeminacy\u2014meaning it is contemptible for a man to lower himself to the same level as a woman\u2014it is also incredibly sexist as well.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Even when the media report on a more balanced relationship between Trump and a male leader, it has connotations of romantic or sexual attraction. The <\/span>New York Times<\/span><\/i> characterized Macron\u2019s state visit to the White House as a \u201cbromance,\u201d stating \u201cthe couple seemed to be happy together again\u201d and that \u201ctheir body language went beyond the usual respectful handshakes of two world leaders meeting for high-level talks and bordered on the intimate\u201d (Davis and Rogers). It should be noted that the term \u2018bromance\u2019 seeks to challenge and disrupt heteronormative masculine assumptions by allowing heterosexual male-male intimacy (Sargent). The bromance is not a relationship of domination and subjugation that is coded in the media\u2019s representation of homosexuality, but one of admiration and mutual respect even if they do not agree on the issues. Nevertheless, I am skeptical of the words due to the connotations of men still needing to overperform masculinity by adding the prefix \u201cbro-\u201d in order to not be perceived as gay.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Thus, here I begin to explore Trump\u2019s queerness through the lens of homosociality. Trump is queer not because he is sexually or romantically attracted to men\u2014we have no<\/span>
\n<\/span>evidence which suggests that to be true\u2014but that his gender performance sometimes deviates from society\u2019s assumptions of masculinity. While the media often immediately take those deviations and frame them as evidence of homosexuality, a more nuanced view into male-male relationships would suggest that Trump has homosocial tendencies. The <\/span>Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History in America <\/span><\/i>describes homosociality as:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

a way of life common in Victorian America that isolated men and women into “separate spheres.” The word has been most influentially redirected by the critic Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick to emphasize the continuum between homosocial institutions and homosexual desire … While these spaces reinforced patriarchy and often bred misogyny, they sometimes also generated bonds of deep affection and physical intimacy between men. (Creekmur 51)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

It should be noted that this term is primarily used by historians when discussing pre-French Revolution same-sex relations as not to be anachronistic by ascribing contemporary gender roles onto same-gender relationships, but I feel it apt to co-opt this term in order to explore contemporary male-male relations, because homosociality shows the possibility of moving \u201cbeyond the rigid categories of sexual identification that were imposed in the nineteenth century on hitherto more fluid behaviors and identities\u201d (Klosowska 710; Sponsler 712). While being homosocial does not necessarily disprove the \u201cthe existence of same-sex desires, performance of same-sex acts, or existence of same-sex couples … even in the twenty-first century, sex acts are only the tip of the iceberg; desires and emotions fill far more cultural space … than acts\u201d (Klosowska 711). Currently, being a homosexual is seen as the only valid form of queerness. This immediate assumption of homosexuality at any sign of gender non-conformity is a clear sign of homonormativity\u2014an extension of heteronormativity that seeks to include primarily cisgender, white, gay men in the norm as the only \u201cnormal\u201d type of queerness at the expense of devaluing and delegitimizing the diversity of gender and sexual performances (Brown 1496-1497; Hawthorne and Auga 367). This is violent erasure of the rest of the queer spectrum (such as bi-, pan-, ace-, and other sexualities, romanticisms, affectivities, and expressions) which showcase the different forms and intersectionalities of intimacy possible. \u201cThe three terms [of homoeroticism, homosociality, and homoaffectivity] divide the multidirectional conglomerate of same-sex relations into the fields of erotic, social, and effective affinity. The three are not mutually exclusive; they overlap and are sometimes used interchangeably\u201d (Klosowska 710). This explains why the media, when faced with Trump\u2019s deviation from normative sexuality, immediately constructs his actions and rhetoric as examples of homosexuality.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Looking at Trump through the lens of homosociality reveals not only a lot about his rhetoric around Putin but also his relationships with other male leaders. Trump\u2019s affinity for Putin may not be caused by a romantic or sexual desire, but instead a simple desire for companionship. Trump attended the all-male New York Military Academy growing up, a prime example of a homosocial environment, and he gets along the best with other leaders who come from similarly homosocial, male-dominated spheres, such as Putin, Prime Minister Shinz\u014d Abe of Japan, President Rodrigo Duterte of the Philippines, President Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan of Turkey, Chairman Kim Jong Un of North Korea, King Salman bin Abdulaziz al-Saud of Saudi Arabia, and President Xi Jinping of China (Creekmur 51; Delk; Ertan; Garcia 56; Hawkins 36, Healey 510-511, Ismail 261, Malsin; McCurry; Miller; Seib; Watts; Wei 1670; Wiseman; Yi 64). However, he also gets along well with President Emmanuel Macron of France even though the two men disagree on the things such as Iran Nuclear Deal (Davis and Rogers). When they met, Trump even went so far as to say, \u201cI like him a lot\u201d and that \u201che is perfect\u201d (Davis and Rogers).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Homosociality also explains why Trump, in contrast with his relationships with male leaders, does not get along well with female leaders. One would assume that since Prime Minister Theresa May of the United Kingdom and Trump both lead two increasingly nativist countries, they would get along, but when it comes to even conservative-leaning female leaders, Trump is often critical. This is shown through his attack on May\u2019s Brexit proposal as well as his suggestion that no one would vote for fellow Republican candidate Carly Fiorina because of \u201cthat face. Would anyone vote for that?\u201d (Lawler; O\u2019Connor).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Trump\u2019s homosocial tendencies explain how Trump\u2019s handshakes differ in regard to men and women. While the media frame Trump\u2019s strange, long, jerky handshakes as Trump struggling to establish dominance, they may instead be a modern-day manifestation of Victorian intimacy (Vesoulis). \u201c[W]hen women began to enter these spaces in the first decades of the twentieth century \u2026 [t]he sentimental relations that characterized Victorian male friendship were then renegotiated and repressed, so that firm, brief handshakes came to replace the hand-holding common among earlier male friends\u201d (Creekmur 51). Trump uses his handshakes to strengthen his bonds with other male leaders. Trump shook Abe\u2019s hand for nineteen seconds (Fanner). He shook Macron\u2019s for twenty-nine seconds, and they kissed each other on the cheek (Cillizza, \u201cTrump-Macron\u201d; Davis and Rogers). When reporters asked Trump and Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany to shake hands, however, he acted much colder and even initially refused after she offered (Cillizza, \u201cMerkel-Trump\u201d). While Trump\u2019s handshakes are aggressive acts of intimacy, they still are acts of intimacy all the same, as homosocial gestures can take many forms \u201cfrom handshakes, hugging, kissing, and caressing to backslapping, punches, and blows. Some of these gestures appear tender, even cuddly, while some seem harsh and brutal\u201d (Kaplan 583). The aggressiveness of his handshakes exemplifies a specifically masculine form of intimacy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Beyond his professional relationships, the pattern of male intimacy and female distance extends into his personal life. While Trump often touts the attractiveness of his wife Melania, there appears to be little emotional attachment. The <\/span>Washington Post <\/span><\/i>reports that they neither share a bed or meals together (Jordan <\/span>et al<\/span>.). Rather than stay with his wife at the White House, Trump appears to prefer to spend time with male companions such as Bruce Moskowitz, Ike Perlmutter, and Marc Sherman at Mar-a-Lago in Florida (Arnsdorf). This is because a tenant of homosocial behavior is that \u201cmale-male friendships take priority over male-female relations\u201d (Flood). While he was apparently too \u201cbusy to be running out looking for presents [on Melania\u2019s birthday], OK? But I got her a beautiful card and some beautiful flowers,\u201d he was apparently not too busy to call in to <\/span>Fox & Friends <\/span><\/i>for a half-hour-long interview in order to discuss various other topics: he dismissed Dr. Ronny Jackson\u2019s withdrawal of his nomination to lead the Department of Veterans Affairs, threatened various political opponents such as Senator Jon Tester of Montana and former FBI Director James Comey, praised Kanye West, and threw Michael Cohen under the bus (Trump, \u201cExclusive\u201d). Even on Melania\u2019s special day, Trump felt more comfortable discussing male associates and enemies.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Trump turns his wife into a commodity where he uses her for her beauty while not emotionally connecting with her. Trump\u2019s commodification of women such as Melania stem from all-male spaces such as aboard an Access Hollywood bus. These all-male spaces are breeding grounds for misogyny, but also homosociality. Masculinity is \u201chomosocial enactment,\u201d where masculinity is performed in front of and granted by other men (Kimmel 87). While men desire approval, companionship, and a sense of belonging, they refuse to talk about their feelings due to homophobic idea that \u201cother men will unmask us, emasculate us, reveal to us and the world that we do not measure up, that we are not real men\u201d; instead, men bond by competing against one another (Kimmel 88; Norman 932). They compete by improving their position in masculine social hierarchies through \u201cmarkers of manhood\u201d (Kimmel 87). These markers include \u201cwealth, power, status, [and] sexy women\u201d (Kimmel 87). \u201cHeterosexual sex itself can be the medium through which male bonding is enacted. … Men\u2019s sexual storytelling is shaped by homosocial masculine cultures\u201d (Flood). So, when Trump tells Billy Bush a story of how he can easily sexually assault women, it is an act of homosocial bonding where Trump uses women as a currency in order to position himself higher on the masculine hierarchy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

By queering Trump, the man who at face value appears to his followers to fit all the criteria of a hyper-hetero-normative figure, society can begin to deconstruct heteronormativity by erasing the distinctions between the queer and the normative, and it can examine how masculinity is contingent and performed. The best way to achieve this goal is by using the lens of homosociality to analyze Trump instead of homosexuality, because not only is it more accurate and, thus, explains his actions and rhetoric more fully, but it also does not serve to disparage the rest of the queer community by demeaning homosexuality.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Arnsdorf, Isaac. \u201cThe Shadow Rulers of the VA.\u201d <\/span>ProPublica<\/span><\/i>, ProPublica, 7 Aug. 2018, www.propublica.org\/article\/ike-perlmutter-bruce-moskowitz-marc-sherman-shadow-rulers-of-the-va.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Cillizza, Chris. \u201cA second-by-second analysis of the Trump-Macron handshake.\u201d <\/span>CNN<\/span><\/i>, Cable News Network, 14 Jul. 2017, <\/span>https:\/\/www-m.cnn.com\/2017\/07\/14\/politics\/a-second-by-second-analysis-of-the-trump-macron-handshake\/index.html?r=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

—. \u201cThe Merkel-Trump Handshake Heard ‘Round the World.\u201d <\/span>CNN<\/span><\/i>, Cable News Network, www-m.cnn.com\/2017\/07\/06\/politics\/merkel-trump-handshake\/index.html?r=https:\/\/www.google.com\/.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Creekmur, Corey K. “Homoeroticism and Homosociality.” <\/span>Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered History in America<\/span><\/i>, edited by Marc Stein, vol. 2, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2004, pp. 50-52. <\/span>Gale Virtual Reference Library<\/span><\/i>, http:\/\/link.galegroup.com.ccl.idm.oclc.org\/apps\/doc\/CX3403600244\/GVRL?u=claremont_main&sid=GVRL&xid=593b7984.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Friedman, Dan, <\/span>et al<\/span><\/i>. \u201cStormy Daniels Once Claimed She Spanked Donald Trump with a Forbes Magazine.\u201d <\/span>Mother Jones<\/span><\/i>, 18 Jan. 2018, <\/span>www.motherjones.com\/politics\/2018\/01\/stormy-daniels-once-claimed-she-spanked-donald-trump-with-a-forbes-magazine\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Garcia, J. Neil. \u201cNativism or Universalism: Situating LGBT Discourse in the Philippines<\/span>.\u201d Kritika Kultura<\/span><\/i>, 23 Dec. 2013, pp. 48\u201368., doi:10.13185\/kk2013.02003.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gardner, Glenn. \u201cBREAKING: Trump Administration Omits LGBTQ People from 2020 Census.\u201d <\/span>OUT<\/span><\/i>, Out Magazine, 26 Apr. 2017, <\/span>www.out.com\/news-opinion\/2017\/3\/28\/breaking-trump-administration-removes-lgbtq-people-2020-census<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hawkins. \u201cJapan\u2019s Journey into Homophobia.\u201d <\/span>Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide<\/span><\/i>, vol. 7, no. 1, Winter 2000, p. 36. <\/span>EBSCOhost<\/span><\/i>, search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=2732009&site=ehost-live&scope=site.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hawthorne, S\u00eean Melvill, and Ulrike E. Auga. “Homonationalism and the Challenge of Queer Theology.” <\/span>Gender: God<\/span><\/i>, by S\u00eean Melvill Hawthorne, Macmillan Reference USA, 2017, pp. 367-383. Macmillan Interdisciplinary Handbooks. <\/span>Gale Virtual Reference Library<\/span><\/i>, http:\/\/link.galegroup.com.ccl.idm.oclc.org\/apps\/doc\/CX3650700037\/GVRL?u=claremont_main&sid=GVRL&xid=3ad20972.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Healey, Dan. \u201cComrades, Queers, and \u2018Oddballs\u2019: Sodomy, Masculinity, and Gendered Violence in Leningrad Province of the 1950s.\u201d <\/span>Journal of the History of Sexuality<\/span><\/i>, vol. 21, no. 3, Sept. 2012, pp. 496\u2013522. <\/span>EBSCOhost<\/span><\/i>, doi:10.7560\/JHS21305.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Heteronormativity.” <\/span>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences<\/span><\/i>, edited by William A. Darity, Jr., 2nd ed., vol. 3, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, p. 470. <\/span>Gale Virtual Reference Library<\/span><\/i>, http:\/\/link.galegroup.com.ccl.idm.oclc.org\/apps\/doc\/CX3045301024\/GVRL?u=claremont_main&sid=GVRL&xid=41ef748c. Accessed 29 Nov. 2018.<\/span><\/p>\n

Holpuch, Amanda, and Mathew Weaver. \u201cTrump-Putin Meeting Reactions: ‘Russia Is Not Our Ally’, Says Paul Ryan \u2013 as It Happened.\u201d <\/span>The Guardian<\/span><\/i>, Guardian News and Media, 16 July 2018, <\/span>https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/live\/2018\/jul\/16\/trump-putin-summit-helsinki-russia-live<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ismail, Manal A. \u201cSociocultural Identity and Arab Women’s and Men’s Code-Choice in the Context of Patriarchy.\u201d <\/span>Anthropological Linguistics<\/span><\/i>, vol. 54, no. 3, 2012, pp. 261\u2013279. <\/span>JSTOR<\/span><\/i>, JSTOR, www.jstor.org\/stable\/23621085.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jordan, Mary, <\/span>et al<\/span><\/i>. \u201cInside Melania Trump’s Complicated White House Life: Separate Schedule, Different Priorities.\u201d <\/span>The Washington Post<\/span><\/i>, WP Company, 6 May 2018, <\/span>www.washingtonpost.com\/lifestyle\/inside-melania-trumps-complicated-white-house-life-separate-schedules-different-priorities\/2018\/05\/06\/60f6f07e-4703-11e8-9072-f6d4bc32f223_story.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kaczynski, Andrew, <\/span>et al<\/span><\/i>. \u201c80 Times Trump Talked about Putin.\u201d <\/span>CNN<\/span><\/i>, Cable News Network, <\/span>www.cnn.com\/interactive\/2017\/03\/politics\/trump-putin-russia-timeline\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kaplan, Danny. \u201cPublic Intimacy: Dynamics of Seduction in Male Homosocial Interactions.\u201d <\/span>Symbolic Interaction<\/span><\/i>, vol. 28, no. 4, 2005, pp. 571\u2013595. <\/span>JSTOR<\/span><\/i>, JSTOR, <\/span>www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1525\/si.2005.28.4.571<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kimmel, Michael S. \u201cMasculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame, and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity.\u201d <\/span>Race, Class, and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study<\/span><\/i>, by Paula S. Rothenberg, 6th ed., Worth Publishers\/Macmillan Learning, 2007, pp. 80\u201391.<\/span><\/p>\n

Klosowska, Anna. “Homoaffectivity, Concept.” <\/span>Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender<\/span><\/i>, edited by Fedwa Malti-Douglas, vol. 2, Macmillan Reference USA, 2007, pp. 710-712. <\/span>Gale Virtual Reference Library<\/span><\/i>, http:\/\/link.galegroup.com.ccl.idm.oclc.org\/apps\/doc\/CX2896200301\/GVRL?u=claremont_main&sid=GVRL&xid=af02aba7.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Krieg, Gregory. \u201cDonald Trump Defends Size of His Penis.\u201d <\/span>CNN<\/span><\/i>, Cable News Network, 4 Mar. 2016, <\/span>www.cnn.com\/2016\/03\/03\/politics\/donald-trump-small-hands-marco-rubio\/index.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lawler, David. \u201cTrump on Fiorina: ‘Look at That Face. Would Anyone Vote for That?’.\u201d <\/span>The Telegraph<\/span><\/i>, Telegraph Media Group, 10 Sept. 2015, www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/donald-trump\/11855165\/Trump-on-Fiorina-Look-at-that-face.-Would-anyone-vote-for-that.html.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lechuga, Michael. \u201cA Minuteman in the White House: Performing Spectacle, Mobilizing Political Affect, and Gendering Vulnerability in the United States.\u201d <\/span>Women’s Studies in Communication<\/span><\/i>, vol. 40, no. 4, Feb. 2017, pp. 325\u2013329., doi:10.1080\/07491409.2017.1369336.<\/span><\/p>\n

Loken, Meredith. \u201cNo, Your Trump-Is-Gay-for-Putin Jokes Aren’t Funny.\u201d <\/span>The Washington Post<\/span><\/i>, WP Company, 17 July 2018, <\/span>www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/posteverything\/wp\/2018\/07\/17\/no-your-trump-is-gay-for-putin-jokes-arent-funny\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lopez, German. \u201cTrump Promised to Protect LGBTQ People. But He Hasn’t Even Recognized Pride Month.\u201d <\/span>Vox.com<\/span><\/i>, Vox Media, 7 June 2017, <\/span>www.vox.com\/identities\/2017\/6\/7\/15753644\/trump-june-pride-month<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Malsin, Jared. \u201cPresident Donald Trump Visits Saudi Arabia to Make Friends.\u201d <\/span>Time<\/span><\/i>, Time, 16 May 2017, time.com\/4778549\/saudi-arabia-donald-trump-visit\/.<\/span><\/p>\n

McCurry, Justin. \u201c’Marvelous Friends’: Trump and Abe Get into Swing of Things on Golf Course.\u201d <\/span>The Guardian<\/span><\/i>, Guardian News and Media, 5 Nov. 2017, www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2017\/nov\/05\/donald-trump-shinzo-abe-golf-us-japan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Miller, Michael E. \u201c50 Years Later, Disagreements over Young Trump’s Military Academy Record.\u201d <\/span>The Washington Post<\/span><\/i>, WP Company, 9 Jan. 2016, <\/span>www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/decades-later-disagreement-over-young-trumps-military-academy-post\/2016\/01\/09\/907a67b2-b3e0-11e5-a842-0feb51d1d124_story.html?utm_term=.9821aee9cc98<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Norman, Lance. “Male Bonding.” <\/span>Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender<\/span><\/i>, edited by Fedwa Malti-Douglas, vol. 3, Macmillan Reference USA, 2007, pp. 931-932. <\/span>Gale Virtual Reference Library<\/span><\/i>, http:\/\/link.galegroup.com.ccl.idm.oclc.org\/apps\/doc\/CX2896200390\/GVRL?u=claremont_main&sid=GVRL&xid=a5aad7d9. Accessed 22 Dec. 2018.<\/span><\/p>\n

O’Connor, Lydia. \u201cTrump Warns ‘Soft Brexit’ Plan Might Kill Any U.S.-British Trade Deal.\u201d <\/span>The Huffington Post<\/span><\/i>, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 13 July 2018, www.huffingtonpost.com\/entry\/trump-soft-brexit-kill-us-british-trade-deal_us_5b47cad6e4b0bc69a7858b26?nse.<\/span><\/p>\n

O’Hara, Mary Emily. \u201cTrump Administration Removes LGBTQ Content from Federal Websites.\u201d <\/span>NBCNews.com<\/span><\/i>, NBCUniversal News Group, 24 Jan. 2017, <\/span>www.nbcnews.com\/feature\/nbc-out\/trump-administration-removes-lgbtq-content-federal-websites-n711416<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pascoe, C.J. \u201cWho Is a Real Man? The Gender of Trumpism.\u201d <\/span>Masculinities & Social Change<\/span><\/i>, vol. 6, no. 2, 21 June 2017, pp. 119\u2013141., doi:10.17583\/mcs.2017.2745.<\/span><\/p>\n

Plympton, Bill. \u201cTrump and Putin: A Love Story.\u201d <\/span>The New York Times<\/span><\/i>, produced by Billy Shebar and David Roberts, The New York Times, 25 Jun. 2018, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/06\/25\/opinion\/trump-bites-putin-love-story.html.<\/span><\/p>\n

@realDonaldTrump. \u201cDo you think Putin will be going to The Miss Universe Pageant in November in Moscow – if so, will he become my new best friend?\u201d <\/span>Twitter<\/span><\/i>, Twitter, 18 Jun. 2013, 8:17 p.m., <\/span>https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/347191326112112640<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

—. \u201cI believe Putin will continue to re-build the Russian Empire. He has zero respect for Obama or the U.S.!\u201d <\/span>Twitter<\/span><\/i>, Twitter, 21 March. 2014, 7:03 p.m., <\/span>https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/447191888630927360<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

—. \u201cPutin has shown the world what happens when America has weak leaders. Peace Through Strength!\u201d <\/span>Twitter<\/span><\/i>, Twitter, 28 Apr. 2014, 12:37 p.m., <\/span>https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/460865405306036224<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Reilly, Katie. \u201cDonald Trump: All the Times He’s Insulted Mexico.\u201d <\/span>Time<\/span><\/i>, Time, 31 Aug. 2016, time.com\/4473972\/donald-trump-mexico-meeting-insult\/.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sargent, Diana. <\/span>American Masculinity and Homosocial Behavior in the Bromance Era<\/span><\/i>. 2013. Georgia State University, Thesis. https:\/\/scholarworks.gsu.edu\/communication_theses\/99<\/span><\/p>\n

Schear, Michael D., and Eileen Sullivan. \u201c’Horseface,’ ‘Lowlife,’ ‘Fat, Ugly’: How the President Demeans Women.\u201d <\/span>The New York Times<\/span><\/i>, The New York Times, 16 Oct. 2018, www.nytimes.com\/2018\/10\/16\/us\/politics\/trump-women-insults.html.<\/span><\/p>\n

Seib, Gerald F. \u201cTrump and Xi: Tensions Turn to Friendship.\u201d <\/span>The Wall Street Journal<\/span><\/i>, Dow Jones & Company, 12 Apr. 2017, <\/span>www.wsj.com\/articles\/trump-and-xi-tensions-turn-to-friendship-1492033631<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sims, David. \u201cStephen Colbert’s ‘Apology’.\u201d <\/span>The Atlantic<\/span><\/i>, Atlantic Media Company, 4 May 2017, www.theatlantic.com\/entertainment\/archive\/2017\/05\/stephen-colberts-apology\/525375\/.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sinclair, Harriet. \u201cIvana Trump’s New Book Is Out This Week. Here’s What You Need to Know about the Trump Marriages.\u201d <\/span>Newsweek<\/span><\/i>, 8 Oct. 2017, www.newsweek.com\/trump-marriages-everything-know-about-ivana-melina-and-marla-ahead-new-book-680360.<\/span><\/p>\n

Smirnova, Michelle. \u201cSmall Hands, Nasty Women, and Bad Hombres: Hegemonic Masculinity and Humor in the 2016 Presidential Election.\u201d <\/span>Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World<\/span><\/i>, vol. 4, 1 Jan. 2018, doi:10.31219\/osf.io\/2x7qu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sponsler, Claire. “Homoeroticism, Female\/Male, Concept.” <\/span>Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender<\/span><\/i>, edited by Fedwa Malti-Douglas, vol. 2, Macmillan Reference USA, 2007, pp. 712-715. <\/span>Gale Virtual Reference Library<\/span><\/i>, http:\/\/link.galegroup.com.ccl.idm.oclc.org\/apps\/doc\/CX2896200302\/GVRL?u=claremont_main&sid=GVRL&xid=dcd313f2. Accessed 12 Dec. 2018.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cTranscript: Donald Trump’s Taped Comments About Women.\u201d <\/span>The New York Times<\/span><\/i>, The New York Times, 21 Dec. 2017, <\/span>www.nytimes.com\/2016\/10\/08\/us\/donald-trump-tape-transcript.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trump, Donald. \u201cExclusive Interview: President Trump on Fox & Friends.\u201d <\/span>Fox News<\/span><\/i>, interviewed by Fox & Friends, FOX News Network, 26 Apr. 2018, www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_lu_Hgw60Ns.<\/span><\/p>\n

—. \u201cDonald Trump: Bundy Should Make a Deal, Putin ‘Toying’ With Obama<\/span>.\u201d Fox News<\/span><\/i>, interviewed by Sean Hannity, FOX News Network, 17 Apr. 2014, <\/span>http:\/\/insider.foxnews.com\/2014\/04\/16\/donald-trump-2016-presidential-run-%E2%80%98i%E2%80%99m-gonna-see%E2%80%99<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

—. \u201cDonald Trump: ‘Putin has eaten Obama’s lunch’.\u201d <\/span>USA Today<\/span><\/i>, interviewed by TODAY, <\/span>Gannett Satellite Information Network<\/span><\/i>, 14 Oct. 2016, <\/span>https:\/\/www.today.com\/news\/donald-trump-putin-has-eaten-obamas-lunch-ukraine-2D79372098<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTrump’s Timeline of Hate.\u201d <\/span>Human Rights Campaign<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>www.hrc.org\/timelines\/trump<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vesoulis, Abby. \u201cDonald Trump Turned Handshakes into a Showdown.\u201d <\/span>Time<\/span><\/i>, Time, 2 July 2018, time.com\/5325922\/donald-trump-handshakes-showdown\/.<\/span><\/p>\n

Watts, Jake Maxwell. \u201cTrump, Duterte Strike Up a Friendship, Sidestep Thorny Issues.\u201d The <\/span>Wall Street Journal<\/span><\/i>, Dow Jones & Company, 13 Nov. 2017, <\/span>www.wsj.com\/articles\/trump-duterte-strike-up-a-friendship-sidestep-thorny-issues-1510576478<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Wei, Wei. \u201cGood Gay Buddies for Lifetime: Homosexually Themed Discourse and the Construction of Heteromasculinity Among Chinese Urban Youth.\u201d <\/span>Journal of Homosexuality<\/span><\/i>, vol. 64, no. 12, 26 Oct. 2016, pp. 1667\u20131683., doi:10.1080\/00918369.2016.1253393.<\/span><\/p>\n

Wiseman, Andreas. \u201cDonald Trump Talks \u2018Talented\u2019 Kim Jong-Un & New North Korea \u2018Bond\u2019: \u2018Adversaries Can Become Friends.\u2019\u201d <\/span>Deadline<\/span><\/i>, Deadline, 12 June 2018, deadline.com\/2018\/06\/donald-trump-north-korea-kim-jong-un-singapore-nuclear-1202408503\/.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yi, Christina. \u201cEnvisioning A Literature of The Imperial Nation.\u201d <\/span>Colonizing Language: Cultural Production and Language Politics in Modern Japan and Korea<\/span><\/i>, Columbia University Press, New York; Chichester, West Sussex, 2018, pp. 47\u201371. <\/span>JSTOR<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.7312\/yi–18420.8<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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